توحيدية (مسيحية)

التوحيدية هي حركة لاهوتية مسيحية دينية سميّت كذلك استنادًا إلى مفهومها بوحدانيّة الله حيث ترفض عقيدة التثليث، بالمقابل تعتبر عقيدة التثليث معتقد ديني يعني بأن الله الواحد ثلاثة أقانيم أو ثلاث حالات في نفس الجوهر المتساوي.[1] أصحاب عقيدة التوحيد يؤمنون أن يسوع هو بشكل من الأشكال "ابن" الله، ولكنه ليس هو الإله الواحد.[2] وكما هو معروف فإن دعاة التوحيد يرفضون العديد من عقائد المذاهب المسيحية التقليدية الأخرى؛[3] بما في ذلك عقيدة السوتريولوجيا والخطيئة الأصلية ؛[4][5] وفي الآونة الأخيرة يرفض أتباع التوحيدية عقيدة عصمة الكتاب المقدس.[6] صنّف ج. جوردون ميلتون مذهب التوحيدية المسيحية في موسوعة الأديان الأمريكية ؛ المذهب بين أسرة الكنائس "المسيحيّة الليبراليّة".[7] تُعتبر الحركة التوحيدية أحيانًا ضمن الطوائف البروتستانتية بسبب أصولها التي تعود إلى حركة الإصلاح، وتعاونها القوي مع المذاهب البروتستانتيَّة الأخرى منذ القرن السادس عشر، ويُمكن اعتبار الموحدين موحدين بروتستانت، أو ببساطة الموحدين. في حين هناك وجهات نظر تستبعد التوحيدية من ضمن المذاهب البروتستانتية بسبب طبيعتها اللاثالوثية وتعتبرها ببساطة حركة مسيحية لاثالوثية.

لاستخدامات أخرى، راجع توحيد (توضيح).

ينبغي الفرز بين التوحيدية الكتابية (بالإنجليزيّة: Biblical unitarianism) والتوحيدية الكونية (بالإنجليزيّة: Unitarian universalism). يؤمن الموحدون الكتابيون بالله واحد أحد، وبيسوع المسيح وبهبة روح القدس. ويختلفون عن التثليثيين بالإيمان أن الآب السماوي وحده هو الله (يوحنا، 3:17). ويعتمدون على المراجع التوراتية والإنجيلية لنفي عقيدة الثالوث وألوهية المسيح ويطالبون بإعادة تأويل النصوص المقدسة.

للموحدين الكونيين جمعيات ومؤسسات في مختلف أنحاء العالم تجتمع في المجلس الدولي للموحدين والكونيين، ولا يعد الكثير من الموحدين الكونيين أنفسهم مسيحيين مع أنهم يتشاطرون مع الكنائس المسيحية بعض المعتقدات والقواعد الإيمانية. وينقسم الموحدون إلى جماعات عديدة، يتركز وجودها في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وكندا.

بدأت حركة الموحدين، وإن لم تكن تسمى "بالموحدين" في البداية، في وقت واحد تقريبًا في كل من الكومنولث البولندي الليتواني وترانسيلفانيا في منتصف القرن السادس عشر. وقد ضمّت بين صفوف أتباعها عددًا كبيرًا من الإيطاليين.[8][9] تأسست في انكلترا الكنيسة التوحيدية الأولى في عام 1774 في شارع إسيكس، في مدينة لندن، حيث كان مقر الموحدين البريطانيين؛ والتي ما تزال تقع في نفس المكان إلى اليوم.[10] كان القبول الرسمي الأول للإيمان بالتوحيد من جانب الأبرشانيّة في أمريكا في تشابل كينج في بوسطن، حيث قام جيمس فريمان بتدريس عقيدة التوحيد في عام 1784، وكان قد عين رئيسًا للجماعة في السابق وقام بتنقيح كتاب الصلاة وفقَا لمذهب الموحدين في عام 1786.[11]

المصطلح

"التوحيد "هو اسم علم ويتبع نفس الإستخدامات اللاهوتية في اللغة الإنجليزية والتي وضعت في إطار الحركات الدينية الأخرى مثل ال(كالفينية، تجديدية العماد، الأدفنتست، اللوثرية الخ).[12] مصطلح توحيديّة كان موجود قبل نشأة العقيدة التوحيدية وقبل اتخاذها المصطلح اسمًا للحركة، وبالتالي في بعض الأحيان يتم استخدام المصطلح كإسم شائع لشمل من يعتبر يسوع المسيح قد أنكر الثالوث أو التي تعتقد أن الله هو شخص واحد فقط. في هذه الحالة تدعى هذه العقيدة بإسم لاثالوثية والتي لا ترتبط بالضرورة مع الحركة الدينية التوحيدية.[13][14][15] على سبيل المثال، حركة الموحدين لم تقبل أبدًا ألوهية يسوع، ولكنها لاتؤمن في العقائد المختلفة التي تؤمن فيها الحركات اللاثالوثية المختلفة مثل الوحدانية الخمسينية، وكنيسة العنصرة الدولية وكنيسة المسيح الحقيقية وكتابات ميغيل سيرفيت حيث تؤمن هذه الحركات الأخيرة على أن يسوع هو الله وكشخص واحد. على الرغم من أن هذه الجماعات هي لاثالوثية وتوحيدية بشكل من الأشكال.

مصطلح الموحدين يُطّبق اليوم أحيانًا على أولئك الذين ينتمون إلى كنيسة الموحدين ولكنهم لا يؤمنون بالتوحيد اللاهوتي.[16] في الماضي، كانت الغالبيّة العظمى من أعضاء كنائس الموحدين تؤمن أيضًا بالتوحيد اللاهوتي. مع مرور الوقت، ابتعد بعض الموحدين والموحدين العالميين عن الجذور المسيحيّة التقليديّة التوحيديّه.[17] على سبيل المثال، في عام 1890 بدأت جمعية الموحدين الأمريكية السماح لغير المسيحيين والكنائس اللاإلوهية والأفراد ممن ليست لديهم خلفية دينية مسيحية أي يكونوا جزءًا من الكنيسة.[18] ونتيجة لذلك، سمي من يؤمن بالعقيدة التوحيدية اللاهوتية بالموحدين لأنهم كانوا أعضاء في الكنائس التي تنتمي لجمعية الموحدين الأمريكية. بعد عدة عقود، فاق عدد الأعضاء غير الإلوهيين الأعضاء الموحدين اللاهوتيين.[19] تتواجد أيضًا جماعات متشابه أقل عددًا نسبيًا، اتخذت ظاهرة أن يفوق الموحدين اللاهوتيين وتتواجد بين كنائس الموحدين في المملكة المتحدة، وكندا، وغيرها من البلدان. يتميز اللاهوت التوحيدي عن نظام اعتقاد كنائس الموحدين والكونيين الموحدين الحديثة. تتضمن هذه المقالة معلومات حول التوحيد كحركة لاهوت وعن تطور الكنائس الموحدين لاهوتيًا. للإطلاع على تطور وعقائد التوحيدية الحديثة أنظر توحيدية عالمية.

انظر أيضا

موناركية

المراجع

Knight, Kevin (المحرر), "ّ The dogma of the Trinity", Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent, مؤرشف من الأصل في 01 أكتوبر 2019 الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); الوسيط |separator= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Miano, David (2003), An Explanation of Unitarian Christianity, AUC, صفحة 15, مؤرشف من الأصل في 21 مايو 2019 الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); الوسيط |separator= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Joseph Priestley, one of the founders of the Unitarian movement, defined Unitarianism as the belief of primitive Christianity before later corruptions set in. Among these corruptions, he included not only the doctrine of the Trinity, but also various other orthodox doctrines and usages (Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism, Harvard University Press 1952, pp. 302–303).
From The Catechism of the Hungarian Unitarian Church in Transylvanian Romania: "Unاitarians do not teach original sin. We do not believe that through the sin of the first human couple we all became corrupted. It would contradict the love and justice of God to attribute to us the sin of others, because sin is one's own personal action" (Ferencz Jozsef, 20th ed., 1991. Translated from Hungarian by Gyorgy Andrasi, published in The Unitarian Universalist Christian, FALL/WINTER, 1994, Volume 49, Nos.3–4; VII:107).
In his history of the Unitarians, David Robinson writes: "At their inception, both Unitarians and Universalists shared a common theological enemy: Calvinism." He explains that they "consistently attacked Calvinism on the related issues of original sin and election to salvation, doctrines that in their view undermined human moral exertion." (D. Robinson, The Unitarians and the Universalists, Greenwood Press, 1985, pp. 3, 17).
"Although considering it, on the whole, an inspired book, Unitarians also regard the Bible as coming not only from God, but also from humans ... Unitarians therefore do not believe in the infallibility of the Bible, as some other Christians do." (D. Miano, An Explanation of Unitarian Christianity, AUC, 2003, 2007)
ed. J. Gordon Melton Encyclopedia of American Religions (8th ed.) "Brought together in this chapter as the 'liberal' family of churches and 'religious' organizations are those groups that have challenged the orthodox Christian dominance of Western religious life: Unitarianism, universalism, and infidelism" (p. 611).
James Hastings Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Algonquins-Art p 785 – 2001 "The first Unitarians were Italians, and the majority took refuge in Poland, where the laxity of the laws and the independence of the nobility secured for them a toleration which would have been denied to their views in other countries."
The encyclopedia of Protestantism 137 Hans Joachim Hillerbrand – 2004 "The so-called Golden Age of Unitarianism in Transylvania (1540–1571) resulted in a rich production of works both in Hungarian and Latin".
Erwin Fahlbusch The encyclopedia of Christianity 5 603 2008 "Lindsey attempted but failed to gain legal relief for Anglican Unitarians, so in 1774 he opened his own distinctly Unitarian church on Essex Street, London, where today's British Unitarian headquarters are still located."
American Unitarianism: or, A Brief history of "The progress and State of the Unitarian Churches in America, third edition, 1815 "So early as the year 1786, Dr. Freeman had persuaded his church to adopt a liturgy, which the Rev. ... Thus much for the history of Unitarianism at the Stone Chapel. "
L. Sue Baugh Essentials of English Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of English (9780844258218) Second Edition 1994 p59 "Religious Names and Terms: The names of all religions, denominations, and local groups are capitalized."
J. Gordon Melton Encyclopedia of Protestantism 2005 p543 "Unitarianism – The word unitarian [italics] means one who believes in the oneness of God; historically it refers to those in the Christian community who rejected the doctrine of the Trinity (one God expressed in three persons). Non-Trinitarian Protestant churches emerged in the 16th century in ITALY, POLAND, and TRANSYLVANIA."
Letter from Matthew F. Smith to Editor World faiths Encounter 7–12 World Congress of Faiths – 1994 – "In an otherwise excellent article by Jasbir Singh Ahluwalia, 'Sikh Spirit in an Age of Plurality' (No. 6, Nov. 1993), the writer makes a number of pejorative remarks about 'unitarianism', associating the term with a striving for a monolithic polity and reductionism to a common denominator. This is a very unfortunate misuse of the word. A correct definition of 'unitarianism' (small 'u') is the mono-أقنوم belief system of someone not directly associated with the Unitarian movement, almost always applied to a person from the Christian tradition, as the word was coined in distinction to the orthodox 'Trinitarian' doctrine of Christianity. 'Unitarians' (capital 'U') are, of course, those who follow the Unitarian approach to religion and are formally associated with the movement. In neither case can it be claimed that there is an underlying agenda towards reductionism and uniformity. Quite the reverse, in fact. Modern Unitarianism is remarkable among religions in not only welcoming the variety of faiths that there are to be found but also, as a creedless church, welcoming and encouraging acceptance of the same. We readily accept that not all our members are 'realist' theists, for example. Our long-standing commitment to interfaith understanding, evident in our practical support of the International Association for Religious Freedom, the World Congress of Faiths and the newly established International Interfaith centre in Oxford cannot be taken to mean that Unitarians are seeking the creation of a single world religion out of the old. I do not know a single Unitarian who believes or seeks that. On the contrary, we reject uniformity and cherish instead the highest degree of spiritual integrity, both of the existing religious traditions of the world and of religious persons as unique, thinking individuals. Matthew F Smith, Information Officer" (Essex Street Chapel, Unitarian Church headquarters, UK)
"The name originated at the time of the great dispute at Gyulafehérvár in 1568, in the course of which Mélius quite often concluded his argument by saying, Ergo Deus est trinitarius.... Hence his party naturally came to be called Trinitarians and their opponents would naturally be called Unitarians. The name seems thus to have come into general use only gradually and it was long before it was employed in the formal proclamations of their Superintendents.... It is not found in print as the denomination of the church until 1600, when the unitaria religio is named as one of the four received religions in a decree of the Diet of Léczfalva (cf. Magyar Emlékek iv, 551) in the extreme southeastern part of Transylvania. The name was never used by the Socinians in Poland; but late in the seventeenth century Transylvanian Unitarian students made it well-known in Holland, where the Socinians in exile, who had never adopted Socinian as the name of their movement and were more and more objecting to it, welcomed it as distinguishing them from Trinitarians. It thus gradually superseded the term Socinian, and spread to England and America." Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism, vol. 2, pp. 47–48.
Robinson, The Unitarians and the Universalists, p. 159-184.
AW Gomes, EC Beisner, and RM Bowman, Unitarian Universalism (Zondervan, 1998), pp. 30–79.
George Willis Cooke, Unitarianism in America (AUA, 1902), pp. 224–30.
Engaging Our Theological Diversity (PDF), UUA, صفحات 70–2, مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 26 أكتوبر 2014 الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); الوسيط |separator= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

وصلات خارجية

في كومنز صور وملفات عن: توحيدية

بوابة الأديان
بوابة المسيحية
بوابة يسوع

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[1] Knight, Kevin (المحرر), "ّ The dogma of the Trinity", Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent, مؤرشف من الأصل في 01 أكتوبر 2019 الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); الوسيط |separator= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[Miano_2003_15-2] Miano, David (2003), An Explanation of Unitarian Christianity, AUC, صفحة 15, مؤرشف من الأصل في 21 مايو 2019 الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); الوسيط |separator= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[3] Joseph Priestley, one of the founders of the Unitarian movement, defined Unitarianism as the belief of primitive Christianity before later corruptions set in. Among these corruptions, he included not only the doctrine of the Trinity, but also various other orthodox doctrines and usages (Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism, Harvard University Press 1952, pp. 302–303).

[4] From The Catechism of the Hungarian Unitarian Church in Transylvanian Romania: "Unاitarians do not teach original sin. We do not believe that through the sin of the first human couple we all became corrupted. It would contradict the love and justice of God to attribute to us the sin of others, because sin is one's own personal action" (Ferencz Jozsef, 20th ed., 1991. Translated from Hungarian by Gyorgy Andrasi, published in The Unitarian Universalist Christian, FALL/WINTER, 1994, Volume 49, Nos.3–4; VII:107).

[5] In his history of the Unitarians, David Robinson writes: "At their inception, both Unitarians and Universalists shared a common theological enemy: Calvinism." He explains that they "consistently attacked Calvinism on the related issues of original sin and election to salvation, doctrines that in their view undermined human moral exertion." (D. Robinson, The Unitarians and the Universalists, Greenwood Press, 1985, pp. 3, 17).

[6] "Although considering it, on the whole, an inspired book, Unitarians also regard the Bible as coming not only from God, but also from humans ... Unitarians therefore do not believe in the infallibility of the Bible, as some other Christians do." (D. Miano, An Explanation of Unitarian Christianity, AUC, 2003, 2007)

[7] . J. Gordon Melton Encyclopedia of American Religions (8th ed.) "Brought together in this chapter as the 'liberal' family of churches and 'religious' organizations are those groups that have challenged the orthodox Christian dominance of Western religious life: Unitarianism, universalism, and infidelism" (p. 611).

[8] James Hastings Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Algonquins-Art p 785 – 2001 "The first Unitarians were Italians, and the majority took refuge in Poland, where the laxity of the laws and the independence of the nobility secured for them a toleration which would have been denied to their views in other countries."

[9] The encyclopedia of Protestantism 137 Hans Joachim Hillerbrand – 2004 "The so-called Golden Age of Unitarianism in Transylvania (1540–1571) resulted in a rich production of works both in Hungarian and Latin".

[10] Erwin Fahlbusch The encyclopedia of Christianity 5 603 2008 "Lindsey attempted but failed to gain legal relief for Anglican Unitarians, so in 1774 he opened his own distinctly Unitarian church on Essex Street, London, where today's British Unitarian headquarters are still located."

[11] American Unitarianism: or, A Brief history of "The progress and State of the Unitarian Churches in America, third edition, 1815 "So early as the year 1786, Dr. Freeman had persuaded his church to adopt a liturgy, which the Rev. ... Thus much for the history of Unitarianism at the Stone Chapel. "

[12] L. Sue Baugh Essentials of English Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of English (9780844258218) Second Edition 1994 p59 "Religious Names and Terms: The names of all religions, denominations, and local groups are capitalized."

[13] J. Gordon Melton Encyclopedia of Protestantism 2005 p543 "Unitarianism – The word unitarian [italics] means one who believes in the oneness of God; historically it refers to those in the Christian community who rejected the doctrine of the Trinity (one God expressed in three persons). Non-Trinitarian Protestant churches emerged in the 16th century in ITALY, POLAND, and TRANSYLVANIA."

[14] Letter from Matthew F. Smith to Editor World faiths Encounter 7–12 World Congress of Faiths – 1994 – "In an otherwise excellent article by Jasbir Singh Ahluwalia, 'Sikh Spirit in an Age of Plurality' (No. 6, Nov. 1993), the writer makes a number of pejorative remarks about 'unitarianism', associating the term with a striving for a monolithic polity and reductionism to a common denominator. This is a very unfortunate misuse of the word. A correct definition of 'unitarianism' (small 'u') is the mono-أقنوم belief system of someone not directly associated with the Unitarian movement, almost always applied to a person from the Christian tradition, as the word was coined in distinction to the orthodox 'Trinitarian' doctrine of Christianity. 'Unitarians' (capital 'U') are, of course, those who follow the Unitarian approach to religion and are formally associated with the movement. In neither case can it be claimed that there is an underlying agenda towards reductionism and uniformity. Quite the reverse, in fact. Modern Unitarianism is remarkable among religions in not only welcoming the variety of faiths that there are to be found but also, as a creedless church, welcoming and encouraging acceptance of the same. We readily accept that not all our members are 'realist' theists, for example. Our long-standing commitment to interfaith understanding, evident in our practical support of the International Association for Religious Freedom, the World Congress of Faiths and the newly established International Interfaith centre in Oxford cannot be taken to mean that Unitarians are seeking the creation of a single world religion out of the old. I do not know a single Unitarian who believes or seeks that. On the contrary, we reject uniformity and cherish instead the highest degree of spiritual integrity, both of the existing religious traditions of the world and of religious persons as unique, thinking individuals. Matthew F Smith, Information Officer" (Essex Street Chapel, Unitarian Church headquarters, UK)

[15] "The name originated at the time of the great dispute at Gyulafehérvár in 1568, in the course of which Mélius quite often concluded his argument by saying, Ergo Deus est trinitarius.... Hence his party naturally came to be called Trinitarians and their opponents would naturally be called Unitarians. The name seems thus to have come into general use only gradually and it was long before it was employed in the formal proclamations of their Superintendents.... It is not found in print as the denomination of the church until 1600, when the unitaria religio is named as one of the four received religions in a decree of the Diet of Léczfalva (cf. Magyar Emlékek iv, 551) in the extreme southeastern part of Transylvania. The name was never used by the Socinians in Poland; but late in the seventeenth century Transylvanian Unitarian students made it well-known in Holland, where the Socinians in exile, who had never adopted Socinian as the name of their movement and were more and more objecting to it, welcomed it as distinguishing them from Trinitarians. It thus gradually superseded the term Socinian, and spread to England and America." Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism, vol. 2, pp. 47–48.

[16] Robinson, The Unitarians and the Universalists, p. 159-184.

[17] AW Gomes, EC Beisner, and RM Bowman, Unitarian Universalism (Zondervan, 1998), pp. 30–79.

[18] George Willis Cooke, Unitarianism in America (AUA, 1902), pp. 224–30.

[19] Engaging Our Theological Diversity (PDF), UUA, صفحات 70–2, مؤرشف من الأصل (PDF) في 26 أكتوبر 2014 الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); الوسيط |separator= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)