الوصايا الطقسية

الوصايا الطقسية،[1] هي قائمة ببعض القوانين المتعلقة بالطقوس اليهودية ذُكرت في سفر الخروج 34 من العدد 11 إلى العدد 26. هذه القوانين هي مماثلة لقانون العهد، ويليها نص الوصايا العشر. تُسمى هذه الوصايا بالطقسية لأنها تهتم بالطقوس، ولتميزها عن الوصايا الأخلاقية التي تُعرف بالوصايا العشر.[2][3][4]

يحاول علماء الكتاب المقدس النقديين فهم مجموعتي الوصايا.[4] قارن العلماء الأوائل الذين تبنوا اقتراح يوهان جوته:[5] الوصايا "الطقسية" مع الوصايا "الأخلاقية"،[6] - وهي النصوص المعروفة بشكل عام باسم الوصايا العشر[7] - اعتقادًا منهم بأن الكتاب المقدس يقول بأن التركيز على الطقوس يؤدي إلى الأخلاق، وجادلوا بأن الطقوس تم استباطها من الوصايا الأخلاقية.[2][3][8][9][10] يسمي عدد قليل من علماء الكتاب المقدس الآيات الواردة في سفر خروج 34 "قانون العهد الصغير" ، حيث يبدو أنها نسخة مدمجة من قانون العهد.[11][12][13]

نص الوصايا

النص من سفر الخروج 34 من العدد 11 إلى العدد 26:

11 اِحْفَظْ مَا أَنَا مُوصِيكَ الْيَوْمَ. هَا أَنَا طَارِدٌ مِنْ قُدَّامِكَ الأَمُورِيِّينَ وَالْكَنْعَانِيِّينَ وَالْحِثِّيِّينَ وَالْفِرِزِّيِّينَ وَالْحِوِّيِّينَ وَالْيَبُوسِيِّينَ.

12 اِحْتَرِزْ مِنْ أَنْ تَقْطَعَ عَهْدًا مَعَ سُكَّانِ الأَرْضِ الَّتِي أَنْتَ آتٍ إِلَيْهَا لِئَلاَّ يَصِيرُوا فَخًّا فِي وَسَطِكَ،

13 بَلْ تَهْدِمُونَ مَذَابِحَهُمْ، وَتُكَسِّرُونَ أَنْصَابَهُمْ، وَتَقْطَعُونَ سَوَارِيَهُمْ.

14 فَإِنَّكَ لاَ تَسْجُدُ لإِلهٍ آخَرَ، لأَنَّ الرَّبَّ اسْمُهُ غَيُورٌ. إِلهٌ غَيُورٌ هُوَ.

15 اِحْتَرِزْ مِنْ أَنْ تَقْطَعَ عَهْدًا مَعَ سُكَّانِ الأَرْضِ، فَيَزْنُونَ وَرَاءَ آلِهَتِهِمْ وَيَذْبَحُونَ لآلِهَتِهِمْ، فَتُدْعَى وَتَأْكُلُ مِنْ ذَبِيحَتِهِمْ،

16 وَتَأْخُذُ مِنْ بَنَاتِهِمْ لِبَنِيكَ، فَتَزْنِي بَنَاتُهُمْ وَرَاءَ آلِهَتِهِنَّ، وَيَجْعَلْنَ بَنِيكَ يَزْنُونَ وَرَاءَ آلِهَتِهِنَّ.

17 لاَ تَصْنَعْ لِنَفْسِكَ آلِهَةً مَسْبُوكَةً.

18 تَحْفَظُ عِيدَ الْفَطِيرِ. سَبْعَةَ أَيَّامٍ تَأْكُلُ فَطِيرًا كَمَا أَمَرْتُكَ فِي وَقْتِ شَهْرِ أَبِيبَ، لأَنَّكَ فِي شَهْرِ أَبِيبَ خَرَجْتَ مِنْ مِصْرَ.

19 لِي كُلُّ فَاتِحِ رَحِمٍ، وَكُلُّ مَا يُولَدُ ذَكَرًا مِنْ مَوَاشِيكَ بِكْرًا مِنْ ثَوْرٍ وَشَاةٍ.

20 وَأَمَّا بِكْرُ الْحِمَارِ فَتَفْدِيهِ بِشَاةٍ، وَإِنْ لَمْ تَفْدِهِ تَكْسِرُ عُنُقَهُ. كُلُّ بِكْرٍ مِنْ بَنِيكَ تَفْدِيهِ، وَلاَ يَظْهَرُوا أَمَامِي فَارِغِينَ.

21 سِتَّةَ أَيَّامٍ تَعْمَلُ، وَأَمَّا الْيَوْمُ السَّابِعُ فَتَسْتَرِيحُ فِيهِ. فِي الْفَلاَحَةِ وَفِي الْحَصَادِ تَسْتَرِيحُ.

22 وَتَصْنَعُ لِنَفْسِكَ عِيدَ الأَسَابِيعِ أَبْكَارِ حِصَادِ الْحِنْطَةِ. وَعِيدَ الْجَمْعِ فِي آخِرِ السَّنَةِ.

23 ثَلاَثَ مَرَّاتٍ فِي السَّنَةِ يَظْهَرُ جَمِيعُ ذُكُورِكَ أَمَامَ السَّيِّدِ الرَّبِّ إِلهِ إِسْرَائِيلَ.

24 فَإِنِّي أَطْرُدُ الأُمَمَ مِنْ قُدَّامِكَ وَأُوَسِّعُ تُخُومَكَ، وَلاَ يَشْتَهِي أَحَدٌ أَرْضَكَ حِينَ تَصْعَدُ لِتَظْهَرَ أَمَامَ الرَّبِّ إِلهِكَ ثَلاَثَ مَرَّاتٍ فِي السَّنَةِ.

25 لاَ تَذْبَحْ عَلَى خَمِيرٍ دَمَ ذَبِيحَتِي، وَلاَ تَبِتْ إِلَى الْغَدِ ذَبِيحَةُ عِيدِ الْفِصْحِ.

26 أَوَّلُ أَبْكَارِ أَرْضِكَ تُحْضِرُهُ إِلَى بَيْتِ الرَّبِّ إِلهِكَ. لاَ تَطْبُخْ جَدْيًا بِلَبَنِ أُمِّهِ.

المراجع

Occasionally also called the Cultic Decalogue, the Ceremonial Decalogue, the Ritual Ten Commandments, the Cultic Ten Commandments, the J-Decalogue or Yahwist Decalogue, the Exodus-34 Decalogue or Decalogue of Exodus xxxiv, or the Small Covenant Code.
"There is another and, acc. to many OT critics, older version of the 'Ten Words' preserved in Exod. 34:11–28, where much more emphasis is laid on ritual prescriptions." (Cross & Livingstone 1997:382)
"Another series is to be found in Exodus 34:14–26, sometimes referred to as the "Ritual Decalogue" in distinction from the "Ethical Decalogue"; it is called the "ten commandments" in v.28 and was inscribed by Moses at God's dictation on the second set of tablets that replaced the broken ones. The collection in Exodus 34 has some laws in common with the "Ethical Decalogue", but focuses more on cultic matters." (Whybray 1995:116)
[Exodus] 4:28. the Ten Commandments. The second set of the commandments appears here in vv. 14-26. ] In critical biblical scholarship we understand these two versions of the Decalogue to come from two different ancient sources. (Friedman 2003)
Levinson (July 2002)
Other names include the Moral Decalogue, the Ethical or Moral Ten Commandments, and the E-Decalogue or Elohist Decalogue.
Goethe appears to have been the first to consider these two dissimilar sets of Ten Commandments as a theological problem, but was not the first to notice them. Earlier observers include Houbigant (Biblia Hebraica, 1753) and the anonymous Greek author of the late-5th-century Tübingen Theosophy, who held that "two decalogues were written by Moses" in Exodus 20 and 34. (Albert Knudson, 1909. "The So-called J Decalogue", Journal of Biblical literature, vol. 28, p. 83; William Badè, 1915. The Old Testament in the light of to-day, p 89.)
Richard N. Soulen, R. Kendall Soulen. Handbook of Biblical Criticism, Westminster John Knox Press, 2001, p. 44. "Decalogue (Gk: lit., "Ten Words") is the Greek (LXX) name for the "Ten Commandments"... the term appears in Exod 34:28; Deut 4:13; 10:4; the commandments themselves in Exod 20 and Deut 5."
Levinson, Bernard M. (July 2002). "Goethe's Analysis of Exodus 34 and Its Influence on Julius Wellhausen: The Pfropfung of the Documentary Hypothesis". Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 114 (2): 212–223
"There are two lists of pithy prohibitions in Exod. 20:1–17 (paralleled in Deut. 5:6–21) and in Exod. 34:11–26 that occupy pivotal points in the theophany and covenant texts. The lists of Exodus 34 and Deuteronomy 5 are called "ten commandments" in the biblical text (cf. Exod 34:27 and Deut. 4:13; 10:4), and that title, or the equivalent Latin term Decalogue, has traditionally been applied to the list of Exodus 20/Deuteronomy 5. Biblical scholars often distinguish the Exodus 20/Deuteronomy 5 list from the Exodus 34 list on the basis of content by referring to the former as the Ethical Decalogue and the latter as the Ritual Decalogue." (The Hebrew Bible: A Brief Socio-Literary Introduction. Norman Gottwald, 2008:118)
Julius Morgenstern 1927 The Oldest Document of the Hexateuch HUAC volume IV
Yehezkel Kaufmann 1960 The Religion of Israel: from its beginnings to the Babylonian Exile translated and abridged by Moshe Greenberg. New York: Shocken Press. 166
John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition. Philadelphia: the Westminster Press. 142, 164, 166

بوابة اليهودية

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[1] Occasionally also called the Cultic Decalogue, the Ceremonial Decalogue, the Ritual Ten Commandments, the Cultic Ten Commandments, the J-Decalogue or Yahwist Decalogue, the Exodus-34 Decalogue or Decalogue of Exodus xxxiv, or the Small Covenant Code.

[Cross-2] "There is another and, acc. to many OT critics, older version of the 'Ten Words' preserved in Exod. 34:11–28, where much more emphasis is laid on ritual prescriptions." (Cross & Livingstone 1997:382)

[Whybray-3] "Another series is to be found in Exodus 34:14–26, sometimes referred to as the "Ritual Decalogue" in distinction from the "Ethical Decalogue"; it is called the "ten commandments" in v.28 and was inscribed by Moses at God's dictation on the second set of tablets that replaced the broken ones. The collection in Exodus 34 has some laws in common with the "Ethical Decalogue", but focuses more on cultic matters." (Whybray 1995:116)

[Friedman-4] [Exodus] 4:28. the Ten Commandments. The second set of the commandments appears here in vv. 14-26. ] In critical biblical scholarship we understand these two versions of the Decalogue to come from two different ancient sources. (Friedman 2003)

[Levinson-5] Levinson (July 2002)

[6] Other names include the Moral Decalogue, the Ethical or Moral Ten Commandments, and the E-Decalogue or Elohist Decalogue.

[7] Goethe appears to have been the first to consider these two dissimilar sets of Ten Commandments as a theological problem, but was not the first to notice them. Earlier observers include Houbigant (Biblia Hebraica, 1753) and the anonymous Greek author of the late-5th-century Tübingen Theosophy, who held that "two decalogues were written by Moses" in Exodus 20 and 34. (Albert Knudson, 1909. "The So-called J Decalogue", Journal of Biblical literature, vol. 28, p. 83; William Badè, 1915. The Old Testament in the light of to-day, p 89.)

[8] Richard N. Soulen, R. Kendall Soulen. Handbook of Biblical Criticism, Westminster John Knox Press, 2001, p. 44. "Decalogue (Gk: lit., "Ten Words") is the Greek (LXX) name for the "Ten Commandments"... the term appears in Exod 34:28; Deut 4:13; 10:4; the commandments themselves in Exod 20 and Deut 5."

[9] Levinson, Bernard M. (July 2002). "Goethe's Analysis of Exodus 34 and Its Influence on Julius Wellhausen: The Pfropfung of the Documentary Hypothesis". Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 114 (2): 212–223

[10] "There are two lists of pithy prohibitions in Exod. 20:1–17 (paralleled in Deut. 5:6–21) and in Exod. 34:11–26 that occupy pivotal points in the theophany and covenant texts. The lists of Exodus 34 and Deuteronomy 5 are called "ten commandments" in the biblical text (cf. Exod 34:27 and Deut. 4:13; 10:4), and that title, or the equivalent Latin term Decalogue, has traditionally been applied to the list of Exodus 20/Deuteronomy 5. Biblical scholars often distinguish the Exodus 20/Deuteronomy 5 list from the Exodus 34 list on the basis of content by referring to the former as the Ethical Decalogue and the latter as the Ritual Decalogue." (The Hebrew Bible: A Brief Socio-Literary Introduction. Norman Gottwald, 2008:118)

[ReferenceA-11] Julius Morgenstern 1927 The Oldest Document of the Hexateuch HUAC volume IV

[YehezkelKaufmann-12] Yehezkel Kaufmann 1960 The Religion of Israel: from its beginnings to the Babylonian Exile translated and abridged by Moshe Greenberg. New York: Shocken Press. 166

[JohnBright-13] John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition. Philadelphia: the Westminster Press. 142, 164, 166