تشميس
التشميس (بالإنجليزية: Insolation) هو مقياس لطاقة الإشعاع الشمسي المستلمة على مساحة معينة وسجلت خلال وقت معين. ويسمى أيضا الإشعاع الشمسي. والوحدة التي أوصت بها المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية هي الميغاجول للمتر المربع الواحد(MJ/m2) أو جول في كل مليمتر مربع (J/mm2).[1] الممارسين في مجال الطاقة الشمسية ممكن أن يستخدموا وحدة واط ساعة للمتر المربع الواحد (Wh/m2). إذا تم تقسيم هذه الطاقة حسب وقت التسجيل في ساعات، تسمى كثافة الطاقة حينئذ التشيع، التي يعرب عنها واط لكل متر مربع (W/m2).
![](../I/Insolation.png.webp)
Annual mean insolation at the top of Earth's atmosphere (top) and at the planet's surface
![](../I/NREL_USA_PV_map_lo-res_2008.jpg.webp)
US annual average solar energy received by a latitude tilt photovoltaic cell (modeled)
![](../I/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Europe-en.png.webp)
Average insolation in Europe
تشميس الأرض
![](../I/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Africa-and-Middle-East-ar.png.webp)
Solar radiation map of Africa and Middle East
![](../I/Pyranometer_2740.JPG.webp)
A مقياس الإشعاع السماوي, a component of a temporary remote meteorological station, measures insolation on Skagit Bay, واشنطن (ولاية).
توزيع التشمس في الجزء العلوي من الغلاف الجوي
![](../I/SolarZenithAngleCalc.png.webp)
Spherical triangle for application of the spherical law of cosines for the calculation the solar zenith angle Θ for observer at latitude φ and longitude λ from knowledge of the hour angle h and solar declination δ. (δ is latitude of subsolar point, and h is relative longitude of subsolar point).
![](../I/InsolationTopOfAtmosphere.png.webp)
, the theoretical daily-average insolation at the top of the atmosphere, where θ is the polar angle of the Earth's orbit, and θ = 0 at the vernal equinox, and θ = 90° at the summer solstice; φ is the latitude of the Earth. The calculation assumed conditions appropriate for 2000 A.D.: a solar constant of S0 = 1367 W m−2, obliquity of ε = 23.4398°, longitude of perihelion of ϖ = 282.895°, eccentricity e = 0.016704. Contour labels (green) are in units of W m−2.
![](../I/InsolationSummerSolstice65N.png.webp)
Past and future of daily average insolation at top of the atmosphere on the day of the summer solstice, at 65 N latitude. The green curve is with eccentricity e hypothetically set to 0. The red curve uses the actual (predicted) value of e. Blue dot is current conditions, at 2 ky A.D.
التطبيقات
![](../I/Insolation.gif)
Insolation variation by month; 1984-1993 averages for January (top) and April (bottom)
Conversion factor (multiply top row by factor to obtain side column) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
W/m2 | kW·h/(m2·day) | sun hours/day | kWh/(m2·y) | kWh/(kWp·y) | |
W/m2 | 1 | 41.66666 | 41.66666 | 0.1140796 | 0.1521061 |
kW·h/(m2·day) | 0.024 | 1 | 1 | 0.0027379 | 0.0036505 |
sun hours/day | 0.024 | 1 | 1 | 0.0027379 | 0.0036505 |
kWh/(m2·y) | 8.765813 | 365.2422 | 365.2422 | 1 | 1.333333 |
kWh/(kWp·y) | 6.574360 | 273.9316 | 273.9316 | 0.75 | 1 |
انظر أيضا
وصلات خارجية
- National Science Digital Library - Insolation
- San Francisco Solar Map
- Insolation map of Europe and Africa
- Yesterday‘s Australian Solar Radiation Map
- Net surface fluxes of solar radiation including interannual variability
- Net surface solar radiation
- Maps of Solar Radiation
- Solar Radiation using Google Maps
- Sample Calculations based on US Insolation Map
- Solar Radiation on a Tilted Collector (U.S.A. only) choose "Theoretically Perfect Collector" to receive results for the insolation on a tilted surface
- Annual Optimal Orientation of Fixed Tilt Solar Collectors (U.S.A. only)
- SMARTS, software to compute solar insolation of each date/location of earth
- Solar Radiation and Clouds - A Discussion
- بوابة الفضاء
- بوابة علم الفلك
- بوابة طاقة
- بوابة طقس
- بوابة طاقة متجددة
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.