ميليشيا (الولايات المتحدة)

ميليشيا الولايات المتحدة كما تم تعريفها بواسطة الكونغرس الأمريكي قد تغيرت مع الوقت.[1]

المواطن الجندي المثالي للولايات المتحدة في المليشيا، مرسوم لمعركة كونكورد 1775 وأما المعلم التذكاري فقد تم إنشاؤه بواسطة دانيل تشيستر فرانس وتم تنصيبه في عام 1875 في كونكورد، ماساشوستس.

خلال حقبة المستعمرات الأمريكية جميع الرجال القادرين بحسب سن معينة هم أعضاء في الميليشيا.[2] وكل قرية بشكل فردي شكلت ميليشيات مستقلة من أجل الدفاع عن نفسها.[3] وقبل اعتماد دستور الولايات المتحدة بسنة سرد المؤسسون رؤيتهم في صفحات الفيديراليست للميليشيات.[4][5] حيث منح الدستور الجديد الكونغرس حق «تنظيم وتسليح وضبط» قوة الميليشا الوطنية هذه تاركة مهمة التحكم الأكبر في أيدي حكومة كل ولاية.[6][7]

أما في هذه الأيام وبحسب قانون الميليشيا لعام 1903 فإن مصطلح «الميليشيا» يستخدم بشكل أساسي لوصف مجموعتين داخل الولايات المتحدة:

مليشيا منظمة – تتكون قوى مليشيا الدولة، مثل الحرس الوطني و مليشيا البحرية.[8] (ملاحظة: لايجب الخلط بين الحرس الوطني و ا لحرس الوطني للولايات المتحدة).
ميليشيا غير منظمة – مؤلفة من الميليشيا الاحتياطية: كل رجل قادر بسن مابين 17 و45 عاما وليس عضوا في الحرس الوطني أو المليشيا البحرية.[9]

ملاحظات

Spitzer, Robert J.: The Politics of Gun Control, Page 36. Chatham House Publishers, Inc., 1995.
Justice Scalia, Opinion of the court. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., PETITIONERS v. DICK ANTHONY HELLER: on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit. 2008. " . . . the 'militia' in colonial America consisted of a subset of 'the people'—those who were male, able bodied, and within a certain age range."
Young, David E. The American Revolutionary Era Origin of the Second Amendment's Clauses. JOURNAL ON FIREARMS & PUBLIC POLICY, Volume 23. 2011. Extended excerpt from Mason's Fairfax County Militia Plan. 1776.
The Federalist Papers No. 29, Hamilton, Alexander. Concerning the Militia. Daily Advertiser. 1788. "What plan for the regulation of the militia may be pursued by the national government, is impossible to be foreseen . . . were the Constitution ratified . . . 'The project of disciplining all the militia of the United States is as futile as it would be injurious, if it were capable of being carried into execution.'" "نسخة مؤرشفة". Archived from the original on 2 يونيو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2 يونيو 2019. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
The Federalist Papers, No. 46, Madison, James Jr. New York Packet. 1788. " . . . the State governments, with the people on their side, would be able to repel the danger. . . . a militia amounting to near half a million citizens [~1/5 of the free population] with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves, fighting for their common liberties, and united and conducted by governments possessing their affections and confidence." "نسخة مؤرشفة". Archived from the original on 2 يونيو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2 يونيو 2019. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
U.S. Constitution, Article I, Sec. 8 : "Congress shall have the Power . . . To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;" "نسخة مؤرشفة". Archived from the original on 2 يونيو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2 يونيو 2019. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
U.S. Constitution, Article II, Sec. 2, Clause 1: "The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States." "نسخة مؤرشفة". Archived from the original on 2 يونيو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2 يونيو 2019. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Military compensation background papers, Seventh edition, page 229. Department of Defense, 2005.
Beard, Charles Austin: Readings in American Government and Politics, Page 308. Macmillan, 1909. "Sec. 1. That the militia . . . shall be divided into two classes . . . the organized militia, to be known as the National Guard . . . and the remainder to be known as the Reserve Militia."

بوابة الولايات المتحدة

في كومنز صور وملفات عن: ميليشيا

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[spitzer36-1] Spitzer, Robert J.: The Politics of Gun Control, Page 36. Chatham House Publishers, Inc., 1995.

[2] Justice Scalia, Opinion of the court. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., PETITIONERS v. DICK ANTHONY HELLER: on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit. 2008. " . . . the 'militia' in colonial America consisted of a subset of 'the people'—those who were male, able bodied, and within a certain age range."

[3] Young, David E. The American Revolutionary Era Origin of the Second Amendment's Clauses. JOURNAL ON FIREARMS & PUBLIC POLICY, Volume 23. 2011. Extended excerpt from Mason's Fairfax County Militia Plan. 1776.

[4] The Federalist Papers No. 29, Hamilton, Alexander. Concerning the Militia. Daily Advertiser. 1788. "What plan for the regulation of the militia may be pursued by the national government, is impossible to be foreseen . . . were the Constitution ratified . . . 'The project of disciplining all the militia of the United States is as futile as it would be injurious, if it were capable of being carried into execution.'" "نسخة مؤرشفة". Archived from the original on 2 يونيو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2 يونيو 2019. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

[5] The Federalist Papers, No. 46, Madison, James Jr. New York Packet. 1788. " . . . the State governments, with the people on their side, would be able to repel the danger. . . . a militia amounting to near half a million citizens [~1/5 of the free population] with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves, fighting for their common liberties, and united and conducted by governments possessing their affections and confidence." "نسخة مؤرشفة". Archived from the original on 2 يونيو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2 يونيو 2019. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

[6] U.S. Constitution, Article I, Sec. 8 : "Congress shall have the Power . . . To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;" "نسخة مؤرشفة". Archived from the original on 2 يونيو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2 يونيو 2019. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

[7] U.S. Constitution, Article II, Sec. 2, Clause 1: "The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States when called into the actual service of the United States." "نسخة مؤرشفة". Archived from the original on 2 يونيو 2019. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2 يونيو 2019. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

[dod-8] Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Military compensation background papers, Seventh edition, page 229. Department of Defense, 2005.

[9] Beard, Charles Austin: Readings in American Government and Politics, Page 308. Macmillan, 1909. "Sec. 1. That the militia . . . shall be divided into two classes . . . the organized militia, to be known as the National Guard . . . and the remainder to be known as the Reserve Militia."